Utilization of Rotten Tomato Juice and Starfruit Juice with the Addition of Potassium Hydroxide in Biobattery Production
How to cite (AJARCDE) :
Indonesia's dependence on fossil fuels underscores the need for the development of environmentally friendly alternative energy sources. This research examines the utilization of rotten tomato waste (Solanum lycopersicum) and starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) juice as natural electrolytes in the production of bio-batteries, with the addition of potassium hydroxide (KOH) to enhance their performance. Both materials contain organic acids such as citric acid and ascorbic acid, which support electrochemical reactions. The experimental variations included electrolyte solution volumes of 200–400 mL and KOH concentrations of 0.1 M, 1.0 M, and 2.0 M. The parameters tested included pH, conductivity, voltage, current, power, capacity, and the duration of the LED light, as specified in SNI IEC 60086-1:2015. The results show that for rotten tomato extract, the optimal combination of 350 mL with 2.0 M KOH yields the highest conductivity of 15.37 mS/cm and a capacity of 2.87 mAh. For starfruit juice, the optimal combination of 200–250 mL with 1.0 M KOH provides the highest capacity. The addition of KOH generally increases conductivity and power output, but high concentrations (2.0 M) in starfruit extract reduce efficiency due to over-ionization. This research proves that rotten tomato waste and starfruit juice with the addition of KOH have the potential to be efficient, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly bio-battery raw materials and support the utilization of organic waste as a renewable energy source.
Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):
SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy
SDG 13: Climate Action
[1] P. L. Toruan, D. P. Wahyuni, R. Rahmawati, and A. Atina, ‘Development of Bio Batteries Utilizing Coconut Dregs and Pineapple Extract as Alternative Energy Sources’, Circuit: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Teknik Elektro, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 147, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.22373/crc.v8i2.20933.
[2] I. S. Welly, N. Fitrya, S. P. Wirman, and L. H. Dalimunthe, ‘Solid Electrolyte of Pineapple Peel Waste Biobattery with NaOH and Used Battery Addition to Increase Voltage and Current Value’, JIPFRI (Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika dan Riset Ilmiah), vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–8, May 2024, doi: 10.30599/jipfri.v8i1.2769.
[3] Badan Pusat Statistik, ‘Vegetable Crop Production in Indonesia’. Accessed: Mar. 11, 2025. [Online]. https://www.bps.go.id/id/statisticstable/2/NjEjMg==/produksi-tanaman-sayuran.html
[4] M. Mungkin and D. A. Tanjung, ‘Starfruit Water Filtration Study as a Battery Electrolyte to Replace H2SO4 Electrolyte’, 2019.
[5] I. Pawarangan, W. Anjelia Tumewu, V. J. Mawuntu, I. Kumendong, and S. Pungus, ‘The Influence of Molar Concentration of KOH on the Electrical Properties of Coffee Grounds Bio-Batteries’, SOSCIED, vol. 7, no. 2, Nov. 2024.
[6] M. Abidin, A. Fathul Hafidh, M. Widyaningsih, M. Yusuf, and A. Murniati, ‘Production of Biobatteries Based on Coconut Husk and Rotten Tomatoes’, Kimiya: Jurnal Ilmu Kimia dan Terapan, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 28–34, Jun. 2020.
[7] K. Y. Amalia, T. Dewi, and Rusdianasari, ‘From Waste to Power: Fly Ash-Based Silicone Anode Lithium-Ion Batteries Enhancing PV Systems’, EMITTER International Journal of Engineering Technology, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 112–127, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.24003/emitter.v12i2.885.
[8] C. S. Yudha, W. G. Suci, E. Apriliyani, A. Purwanto, Y. Yetri, and Rusdianasari, ‘Fly-ash derived crystalline Si (cSi) Improves the capacity and energy density of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 battery: Synthesis and performance’, Results in Engineering, vol. 24, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103249.
[9] Robiansyah, Y. Bow, and T. Dewi, ‘Synthesis and Characterization of Silicon Nanoparticles from Coal Fly Ash Using Ultrasonication as a Battery Anode’, International Journal of Research in Vocational Studies (IJRVOCAS), vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 23–32, Aug. 2024, doi: 10.53893/ijrvocas.v4i2.282.
[10] H. Kamilah, T. D. Wardoyo, and S. Maftukhah, ‘Utilization of Star Fruit and Banana Peel as an Alternative Source of Electrical Energy’, Jurnal Ilmiah Fakultas Teknik, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 142–152, Jul. 2020.
[11] N. P. Sipayung, M. R. Kirom, and R. F. Iskandar, ‘Study on the Effect of Incubation Time of Rotten Tomato Substrate on Microbial Fuel Cell on Electrical Energy Production in a Dual Chamber Reactor’, Jurnal Proceeding of Engineering, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 5485–5492, Aug. 2019.
[12] A. F. Tanjung, Masthura, and A. H. Daulay, ‘Bio-Battery Production by Varying Tomato-Based Electrodes (Solanum Lycopersicum)’, e - Jurnal EINSTEIN, pp. 59–64, Feb. 2022. Available: http://jurnal.unimed.ac.id/2012/index.php/einsten
[13] K. A. Roni and N. Herawati, KIMIA FISIKA II. Palembang: Rafah Press UIN Raden Fatah Palembang, 2020.
[14] W. Yanti, D. Y. Rahma, and Rahmawati, ‘Utilization of Noni Fruit Extract and Table Salt (NaCl) as an Ion Source and Tapioca Flour as a Matrix for Bio-Battery Production’, Jurnal Penelitian Fisika dan Terapannya (Jupiter), vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 11–18, 2024, doi: 10.31851/jupiter.v6i1.xxxx.
[15] I. Standard, ‘International Standard IEC 60086-1:2015’, 61010-1 © Iec:2001, vol. 2006, p. 13, 2006.
[16] P. Hasfikasari, Faradiba, and A. Amin, ‘Antioxidant Activity of Tomato Fruit Extract (Solanum lycopersicum L.)’, Makassar Natural Product Journal, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 43–50, 2024, [Online]. Available: https://journal.farmasi.umi.ac.id/index.php/mnpj
[17] F. Salafa, L. Hayat, and A. Ma’ruf, ‘Analysis of Orange Peel (Citrus sinensis) as a Material for Electrolyte Production in Bio-Batteries’, Jurnal Riset Rekayasa Elektro, vol. 2, pp. 1–9, Jun. 2020.
[18] S. Anjarsari, D. Y. Rahma, and R. Sulistyowati, ‘Production of Bio-Batteries Based on Starfruit Extract and NaCl as an Ion Source, and Cassava Pulp as a Matrix’, Jurnal Penelitian Fisika dan Terapannya (JUPITER), vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–10, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.31851/jupiter.v6i1.15918.
[19] M. G. Kertanegara, E. Kurniawan, and W. Priharti, ‘The Influence of KOH Solution Molarity and the Production of Graphite Carbon as a Catalyst with Two Different Types of Electrode Plates on the Output of an Aluminum-Air Battery’, Proceeding of Engineering, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 5384–5393, Oct. 2024.
[20] Masthura, R. Pohan, and A. H. Daulay, ‘The Influence of Electrode Variation on the Electrical Properties of Pineapple Peel (Ananas Comosus) Extract as a Biobattery’, JISTech (Journal of Islamic Science and Technology), vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 126–134, Dec. 2021. Available: http://jurnal.uinsu.ac.id/index.php/jistech
[21] M. F. Pomalingo et al., ‘Physical and Electrical Characteristics of Starfruit for Organic Battery Production’, Journal of Science, Technology, Education And Mechanical Engineering, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 70–76, 2022.
[22] S. M. Siregar, ‘The Influence of Electrode Materials on the Electrical Properties of Starfruit (Averrhoa Bilimbi) as an Environmentally Friendly Alternative Energy Solution’, Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan MIPA, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 166–173, Jul. 2017.
[23] N. Fitrya, S. P. Wirman, and P. Halwani, ‘Testing the Electrolyte Characteristics of Pineapple Peel Waste with the Addition of MgCl2, NaCl, and KCl’, Photon: Jurnal Sain dan Kesehatan, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 35–40, May 2023, doi: 10.37859/jp.v13i2.4394.
[24] I. N. Fatima, N. Istiqomah, K. Muna, and H. Rahmawati, ‘Testing the Electrolyte of Noni Fruit Juice and Kalimantan's Special Kuit Lime Extract’, Al Kawnu?: Science and Local Wisdom Journal, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 50–61, 2025, doi: 10.18592/ak.v4i2.13785.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.